Volume 9, Issue 17 (9-2018)
jwmr 2018, 9(17): 193-205 |
Back to browse issues page
Abstract: (3753 Views)
The most important factors affecting soil erosion and runoff include climate, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation cover and land management. In this article, an assessment of topography, slope and climate effects on the runoff production within marly lands in Zanjan province by using an artificial rain simulator. In this regard, by overlying slope, climate, and marly units of geological formation maps, by incorporating a rain simulator and an overall of 220 plots were tested. Data, collected from field operations, were analyzed on the basis of Randomized Complete Block Design with Factorial Treatment Structure. The upper red marl units (Mu) has the highest volume of runoff With volume of more than 20 liters per square meter marl and marl units Pliocene (PL) The minimum With volume of 1 liter one liter per square meter respectively. The Pliocene marl units (PL) has the highest infiltration rate of 12.5 cm and lower red marl (OL) had the lowest infiltration rare is about 2 cm. The F-test results of Marnie units on volume and run-off coefficient were statistically significant, while the effect is not significant for the slope and climate on these two features. But in cases of double and triple combinations of these three variables in all cases have a significant effect on runoff generation and runoff coefficient. Statistical data analysis shows the significant effects of the Marl units, Slope and climate on the volume and run-off coefficient (p<0.05). Marly unit can be classified in to four groups, based on the Volume and run-off coefficient, so that Marls of Pliocene (PL), Qom (OM) and lower red (OL) are in a separate class and upper-red (Mu), and Eocen (EM) Marl units are in a unique group. Accordingly, it can be said that the four groups differed in volume and run-off coefficient are significantly different from each other. The results of the slope and climate effects on these two traits showed significant effects on volume and run-off coefficient of the marl units.
Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
فرسايش خاک و توليد رسوب
Received: 2015/12/13 | Revised: 2018/09/15 | Accepted: 2017/09/5 | Published: 2018/09/26
Received: 2015/12/13 | Revised: 2018/09/15 | Accepted: 2017/09/5 | Published: 2018/09/26
References
1. Abdinejad, P., S. Fiznia, H. Pyrovan, F. Fayazi and A. Shabani. 2009. Study Physical, Chemical, mechanical and constructive erodibility marl formatons of Zanjan province, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Zanjan Province, 265 pp (In Persian).
2. Agassi, M., I. Shainberg and J. Morin. 1990. Slope, Aspect and Phosphogypsum Effect on Runoff and Erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54: 1102-1106. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400040030x]
3. Assouline S. and M. Ben-Hur. 2006. Effect of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil Surface sealing. Catena, 66: 211-220. [DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2006.02.005]
4. Battany M.C. and M.E. Grismer. 2000. Rainfall runoff and erosion in Napa valley vineyards: effects of slope, cover and surface roughness. Hydrological Processes, 14: 1289-1304.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200005)14:7<1289::AID-HYP43>3.0.CO;2-R [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200005)14:73.0.CO;2-R]
5. Cerdà A., A.C. Imeson and A.Calvo 1995. Fire and aspect induced differences on the erodibility and hydrology of soils at La Costera, Valencia, and southeast Spain. Catena, 24: 289-304. [DOI:10.1016/0341-8162(95)00031-2]
6. Cerdà A., S. Schnabel, A. Ceballos and D. Gomez-Amelia. 1998. Soil hydrological response under simulated rainfall in the Dehesa land system (Extremadura, SW Spain) under drought conditions. Land degradation and development, 19: 502-515.
7. Chaplot V.A.M. and Y.L. Bissonnais. 2003. Runoff Features for interrill erosion at different rainfall intensities, slope length and gradient in an agricultural Loessial hillslope. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67: 844-851. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj2003.0844]
8. Cheng Q., W. Ma and Q. Cai. 2008. The relative importance of soil crust and slope angle in runoff and soil loss: a case study in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, north China. GeoJournal, 71(2-3): 117-125. [DOI:10.1007/s10708-008-9149-5]
9. Duiker. S.W., D.C. Flanagan and R. Lal. 2001. Erodibility and Infiltration characterstics of fire major soils of southwest Spain. Catena, 45: 103-121. [DOI:10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00145-X]
10. Ellison W.D. 1944. Studies of raindrop erosion. Agriculture Engineer, 25(131-136): 181-182.
11. Fiznia, S., A. Salajegheh, H. Ahmadi and A. AQamlaky. 2007. Relationship between soil physical properties and the amount of runoff and sediment in alluvial using rainfall simulator (Case Study: the subasin Abbassi Abad Jajrud), Proceedings Iranian Soil Science.Congress, Karaj, 155-127 (In Persian).
12. Foster, I.D.L., M.A. Fullen, R.T. Brandsma and A.S. Chapman. 2000. Drip-screen rainfall simulators for hydro and pedogeomorphological research: the Coventry experience. Earth Surface Process and Landforms, 25: 691-707.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200007)25:7<691::AID-ESP125>3.3.CO;2-W [DOI:10.1002/1096-9837(200007)25:73.3.CO;2-W]
13. Habibzadeh, A., M. Nikjo and H. Pyrowan. 2013. The amount of runoff and sediment outcrops of marl in East Azerbaijan province, Journal of Geography and Planning (Department of Geography), 17, 43: 71-91 (In Persian).
14. Hashemi, M., A. Shahriari and A. Hashemi. 2009. The role of rocks and soils due to erosion, sedimentation and flooding creation rise, Eleventh Congress of Soil Science of Iran, Gorgan University.
15. Heimsatha, A.M., J. Chappellb, W.E. Dietriche, K. Nishiizumid and R.C. Finkele. 2001. Late quaternary erosion in southeastern Australia: A field example using cosmogenic nuclides, Quaternary International, 83-85: 169-185. [DOI:10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00038-6]
16. Heuscher S.A., C.C. Brandt and M.P. Jardine. 2005. Using soil physical and chemical properties to estimate bulk density. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69: 51-56.
17. Hosseini, S.H., S. Fiznia, H. Payrovan and Gh. Tabyan. 2009. Runoff and sediment production of the fine Neogene formations using Rainfall simulator (case study: watershed Taleghan), Journal Range and Watershed Management, Journal of Natural Resources, Volume 62, Number 2, Summer 2009, pp: 215-229.
18. Hudson N. 1995. Soil Concervation. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
19. Jordan, A. and L. Martınez-Zavala. 2008. Soil loss and runoff rates on unpaved forest roads in southern Spain after simulated rainfall. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 913-919. [DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.002]
20. Karimpour Reihan, M., A. Salehpour Jam, M.K. Kianian and D. Jahani. 2007. Investigation of pedological criterion on land degradation in quaternary rock units, Case Study: Rude-Shoor watershed area. Desert, 12: 77-84.
21. Kirkby, M. 2001. Modeling the interactions between soil surface properties and water erosion. Catena, 46(2-3): 89-102. doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00160-6. [DOI:10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00160-6]
22. Lavee, H., A.C. Imeson and S. Pariente and Y. Benyamini. 1991. The response of soil to simulated rainfall along a climatological gradient in on arid and smi-arid region. Catena 19: 19 -37.
23. Loch, R.J. 2000. Using rainfall simulation to guide planning and management of rehabilitated areas. Part 1.Experimental methods and results from a study at the North-Parkes mine, Australia. Land Degradation and Development, 11: 221-240.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-145X(200005/06)11:3<221::AID-LDR381>3.0.CO;2-2 [DOI:10.1002/1099-145X(200005/06)11:33.0.CO;2-2]
24. Mathys, N. 2005. Runoff and erosion in the Black Marls of the French, Alps: observation and measurement at the plot scale, Catena, 63: 261-281. [DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2005.06.010]
25. Mengistu, B., M. Defersha and M. Assefa. 2012. Effect of rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent sediment enrichment ratio. Catena, 90: 47-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.002]
26. Meyer, L.D. and W.C Harmon. 1984. Susceptibility of agricultural soil to interrill erosion. Soil Sci Soc. Am. J, 48: 1152-1157. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800050040x]
27. Mohammadzadeh, A. 2005. The effect of erosion, slope steepness and aspect in Marl in Watershed Using Rainfall Simulator Givichay in Ardabil Province, Third National Conference on erosion and sedimentation, Tehran, September 2005, 673-678.
28. J Mosaffaie, J. and A. Talebi. 2014. A Statistical View to the Water Erosion in Iran. Extension and Development of Watershed Management, 2(5): 9-17.
29. Mosaffaie, J., M.R. Ekhtesasi, M.T. Dastorani, H.R. Azimzadeh and M.A. Zare Chahuki. 2015. Temporal and spatial variation of the water erosion rate. Arabian journal of Geosciences, 8(8): 5971-5979. DOI: 10.1007/s12517-014-1628-z. [DOI:10.1007/s12517-014-1628-z]
30. Mosaffaie, J. and M.R. Ekhtesasi. 2016. Comparison of the relative sediment yield potential of lithological units using sediment grain color. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering, 10(32): 51-58.
31. Mosaffaie, J. and M.R. Ekhtesasi. 2017. Seasonal variation of the erosion rate using direct measurement. Journal of Watershed Management Research.30, 2-115: 48-56
32. Navas, A. 1993. Soil loses under Simulator Rainfall in Semi-arid Shrublands of the Ebro Valley. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 42: 211-215.
33. Nyssen J. and D. Vermeersch. 2010. Slope aspect affects geomorphic dynamics of coal mining spoil heaps in Belgium. Geomorphology, 123(1-2): 109-121. [DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.07.004]
34. Ponce, V.M. and A.V. Shetty. 1995. A Conceptual Model of Catchments Water Balance: 2 Application of Runoff and Base flow Modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 173, 1-4: 41-50. [DOI:10.1016/0022-1694(95)02745-B]
35. Ragab, R., J. Bromley, P. Roiser, J.D. Cooper and J.H.C. Gash. 2003. Experimental study of water fluxes in a residential area: 1. Rainfall, roof runoff and evaporation: the effect of slope and aspect. Hydrological Processes, 17: 2409-2422. [DOI:10.1002/hyp.1250]
36. Rahmati, M., M. Arab Khdry and A. Jafari. 2004. Ardekani, impact and intensity because the slope of soil and water went to waste, Journal of Construction Research in natural resources. 62: 32-37.
37. Raiesian, B. 1997. Effects of rainfall intensity, land slope, soil texture and vegetation on watershed runoff in the province of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, MSc thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Technology.
38. Ramos, M.C., S. Nacci and I. Pla. 2000 Soil sealing and its influence on erosion rates for some soils in The Mediterranean area. Soil Science, 165: 398-403. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-200005000-00003]
39. Sadeghi, S.H.R. 2007. Analysis of the phenomenon of erosion of soil water repellency, Proceedings of the Tenth Congress of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University, Karaj, 4 to 6 September 2007.
40. Salehpour Jam, A. and M. Karimpour Reihan. 2016. Investigation of pedological criterion affecting on desertification in alluvial fans using AHP-TOPSIS technique, case Study: South East of Roudeh-shoor Watershed. Desert, 21(2): 181-192.
41. Shakl Abdi, M., H. Khadami and A. Chatkhabi. 2003. Runoff and sediment production in soils with different parent materials in the GolAbdi Basin, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 5(2): 85-110.
42. Sanikhani, H., M.R. Gohardoust and M. Sadeghi. 2016. The Impacts of Climate Change on Runoff of Ghareh-Chay Basin in Markazi Province, Iran. Journal of Watershed Management Research. 2016, 7(13): 22-12. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.jwmr.7.13.22]
43. Vahabi, J. and M.H. Mahdian. 2008. Rainfall simulation for the study of the effects of efficient factors on runoff rate. SoilConservation and Watershed Management Research Center, 95: 1439-1445.
44. Vahabi J and Nikkami D, 2008. Assessing dominant factors affecting soil erosion using a portable rainfall simulator. International Journal of Sediment Research, 23: 375-385. [DOI:10.1016/S1001-6279(09)60008-1]
45. Zarif, M.S., S.h.r. Sadeghi, and S.Kh. Mirnya. 2009. Study of changes in runoff and sediment in two different slopes Watershed Forest Kojour, Fifth National Conference on Watershed Management and Engineering Sciences of Iran, Gorgan, 2 and 3 May 2009.
46. Zarif Moazam, M., S.H. Sadeghi and S.K. Mirnia. 2016. Variability of Interactions between Some Soil Properties and Runoff Generation Time (Case Study: Kojoor Watershed). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 7(13): 11-1. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.jwmr.7.13.11]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |