Journal of Watershed Management Research

fa مسائل، راهبردها و راهکارهای علم و فناوری در استفاده پایدار از منابع آب در مقیاس حوضه Issues, strategies, and scientific and technological solutions for the sustainable use of water resources at the basin scale مديريت حوزه های آبخيز مديريت حوزه های آبخيز پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">بحران کمبود منابع آب و پیچیدگی های مرتبط در حل مسائل این بحران، ضرورت نگاه جامع و در مقیاس¬های مکانی وسیع‌تر از نگاه مزرعه یعنی مقیاس حوضه را طلب می-نماید.لذا هدف اصلی از این پژوهش شناسایی و تعیین اولویتهای علم و فناوری و انتخاب گزینههای راهبردی و در نهایت ارائه راهکارهایی از نوع علم و فناوری در مدیریت آب در مقیاس حوضه میباشد. بر این اساس، تعداد شش راهبرد اصلی مدیریت آب در این مقیاس شناسایی شد که به ترتیب اولویت: 1) بهبود و توسعه روشها و فناوریهای آبخیزداری و آبخوانداری در راستای تعادل بخشی آبخوانها، 2) توسعه و بهبود روشهای استحصال آب در سطح حوضه،3) ارتقاء بهرهوری آب در سطح حوضه، 4) توسعه فناوریهای مدیریت سیلخیزی و سیل، 5) شناخت و مدلسازی فرایندهای هیدرولوژی حوزههای آبخیز، و 6) بهبود کیفیت آب در سطح حوضه میباشد. راهکارها/اقدامات مورد نیاز برای عملیاتی نمودن این راهبردها جمعا به تعداد 30 راهکارشناسایی و برای هر راهبرد اصلی به تفکیک اولویتبندی و سپس شبکه علیّت بین آنها ترسیم شد. با استفاده از روش تحلیل سوآت (SWOT) تجزیه و تحلیلهای لازم بر روی نقاط قوّت-ضعف به عنوان عوامل درونی و فرصت-تهدید به عنوان عوامل بیرونی مدیریت آب حوضه، به عمل آمد. بر اساس نتایج برای مدیریت آب در مقیاس حوضه از جنبههای علم و فناوری باید راهبرد کلّی رقابتی (ST) یعنی حداکثر استفاده از عوامل درونی برای جلوگیری از تهدیدهای بزرگ عوامل بیرونی را انتخاب نمود.بر اساس این راهبرد اصلی و حداکثر امتیاز عواملی درونی و بیرونی، گزینههای راهبردی با اولویت بالا انتخاب شد که به عنوان نمونه شامل: 1) استفاده مناسب و بهینه از نیروهای متخصص در مجموعه مؤسسات، مراکز و واحدهای پژوهشی وابسته و تابعه سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش، و ترویج کشاورزی برای ارتقاء بهرهوری آب در مقیاس حوضه؛ و 2) بهرهبرداری از ساختار سازمانی منسجم و با اعضای هیات علمی پرشمار سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی برای جلوگیری از تصمیمات و اقدامهای سازمانهای غیر رسمی و غیر مسئول متعدد موجود در حوزه پژوهش و فناوری بخش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کشور، میباشد.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Introduction and Objective: The water scarcity crisis and the associated complexities of solving the problems caused by this crisis require a comprehensive view and a spatial scale larger than the farm view, namely the basin scale. The increasing water consumption on one hand and the limitation of available water resources on the other hand have made the management, exploitation and consumption of water by traditional methods unresponsive, and its imbalance is progressively worsening the water crisis in Iran. However, the approach of using science and technology and having a related program for optimal use of water and improving water productivity at the basin scale can certainly play a key role in solving this crisis. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to identify and determine science and technology priorities, select strategic options, and ultimately provide science and technology solutions for water management at the basin scale. Material and Methods: The research method included holding brainstorming sessions and using the opinions of experts. Various scientific sources and strategic planning methods, SWOT analysis and balanced scorecard were also used. Through brainstorming sessions, the scope of activities and planning, definitions and terminology, as well as the working method, were discussed and exchanged. Then, the general activities of the related research, some of the results of which are presented in this paper, were determined in the form of the following steps and carried out in the following order: 1) Review of literature, 2) Review of macro-level documents, 3) Review of the current situation (research and implementation), 4) Review of issues and problems, 5) Identification of main water challenges, 6) Identification of water management technology challenges in the basin, 7) Conducting SWOT analysis, 8) Determine the goals, 9) Determine main strategies, and 10) Determine actions or measures. Results and Discussion: Accordingly, six main water management strategies were identified at this scale, which are listed in order of priority: 1) improving and developing watershed management methods and technologies in order to balance aquifers, 2) developing and improving water exploitation methods at the basin level, 3) improving water productivity at the basin level, 4) developing flood management technologies, 5) understanding and modeling watershed hydrological processes, and 6) improving water quality at the basin level. The solutions/measures required to operationalize these strategies were identified as a total of 30 solutions and for each main strategy, they were prioritized separately. Then the causality network between them was drawn. Using the SWOT analysis method, the necessary analyses were conducted on the strengths-weaknesses as internal factors and opportunities-threats as external factors affecting basin water management. Based on the results, for water management at the basin scale from the science and technology perspectives, a competitive overall strategy (ST) should be selected, that is, the maximum use of internal factors to prevent major threats from external factors. Based on this main strategy and the maximum score of internal and external factors, high-priority strategic options were selected, which include, for example: 1) appropriate and optimal use of specialized personnel within the set of affiliated and subordinate research institutions, centers, and units of the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) to improve water productivity at the basin scale; and 2) utilizing the coherent organizational structure and the numerous academic members of the AREEO organization to prevent decisions and actions by numerous informal and irresponsible organizations in the field of research and technology in the agricultural sector and natural resources of the country. Conclusions: In arid and semi-arid countries such as Iran, which face severe water shortages and low water productivity in agriculture and natural resources, increasing water productivity, using up-to-date knowledge and technologies, and having a science and technology program are essential for solving the water crisis. The issues and problems of the country's water sector should be examined with a comprehensive and integrated approach at both farm and basin scales together. Six main strategies were identified to address science and technology issues at the basin scale, with the first priority strategy in this context being the improvement and development of watershed management methods and technologies in order to balance the aquifers. Also, the highest priority actions or measures for each of the six main strategies identified are in the areas and components related to the optimal patterns of comprehensive management of water resources and uses, technologies for rainwater harvesting systems, technologies for reducing evaporation, technologies for monitoring and early warning of climatic events, studying the effects of climate change on the hydrology of basins, and technologies for monitoring and assessing pollution of water and soil resources in the basin, respectively. Based on SWOT analysis, a competitive strategy should be selected to address science and technology issues at the basin scale. Therefore, the system should use internal strengths to prevent major external threats. The major threat in this regard is the low water productivity at the basin scale, which can be addressed and the basin's water productivity improved by a set of strengths, including the strength with the greatest score, namely the presence of specialized personnel in the set of institutions, centers, and research units affiliated and subordinate to the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO).   </div> استفاده پایدار, حوزه آبخیز, راهبرد, SWOT, مدیریت آب, مقیاس حوضه Basin scale, Strategy, Sustainable use, SWOT, Water management, Watershed 0 0 http://jwmr.sanru.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2014-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Nader Heydari نادر حیدری nrheydari@gmail.com 100319475328460015646 100319475328460015646 Yes Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI); Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO); Karaj; Iran مؤسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی؛ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش، و ترویج کشاورزی؛ کرج Bagher Ghermezcheshmeh باقر قرمز چشمه baghergh@gmail.com 100319475328460015647 100319475328460015647 No Associate Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI); Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO); Tehran; Iran دانشیار پژوهش پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش، و ترویج کشاورزی؛ تهران Jahangir Porhemmat جهانگیر پرهمت porhemmat@scwmri.ac.ir 100319475328460015648 100319475328460015648 No Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI); Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO); Tehran; Iran استاد پژوهش پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش، و ترویج کشاورزی؛ تهران