1. Adam, E., Mutanga, O., Odindi, J., & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. (2014). Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35(10), 3440-3458. [
DOI:10.1080/01431161.2014.903435]
2. Arekhi, S., & Momeni Taramsari, M. (2015). Envi 5 software video tutorial. First edition, Golestan University Press. 526 pp. [In Persian]
3. Asif, M., Kazmi, J. H., Tariq, A., Zhao, N., Guluzade, R., Soufan, W., . . & Aslam, M. (2023). Modelling of land use and land cover changes and prediction using CA-Markov and Random Forest. Geocarto International, 38(1), 2210532. [
DOI:10.1080/10106049.2023.2210532]
4. Belgiu, M., & Drăguţ, L. (2016). Random forest in remote sensing: A review of applications and future directions. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 114, 24-31. [
DOI:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.01.011]
5. Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5-32. [
DOI:10.1023/A:1010933404324]
6. Dastigerdi, M., Nadi, M., Shamgani Mashhadi, B., Hatamipour, M., & Mahdavi amrei, O. (2024). Analysis of Vegetation Trend in Mazandaran Province with an Emphasis on Land Use Changes Using MODIS NDVI Time Series. Journal of Watershed Management Research. 15(2), 105-118. [In Persian] [
DOI:10.61186/jwmr.15.2.105]
7. Dewan, A. M., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Applied Geography, 29(3), 390-401. [
DOI:10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.12.005]
8. Gharaibeh, A., Shaamala, A., Obeidat, R., & Al-Kofahi, S. (2020). Improving land-use change modeling by integrating ANN with Cellular Automata-Markov Chain model. Heliyon, 6(9). [
DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05092]
9. Hamad, R., Balzter, H., & Kolo, K. (2018). Predicting Land Use/Land Cover Changes Using a CA-Markov Model under Two Different Scenarios. Sustainability, 10(10), 3421. [
DOI:10.3390/su10103421]
10. Kamali, J. (2009). Investigating land use changes in the Qori Gol wetland area by processing satellite images, Master's thesis. University of Tabriz. [In Persian]
11. Khosraviaqdam, K., Momtaz, H. R., & Asadzadeh, F. (2019). Estimation of Soil erodibility factor of USLE model and its relationship with landscape features in some parts of Nazzlo-Chay basin, Iran. Applied Soil Research, 7(1), 31-43.
12. Kiani Salmi, E., & Ebrahimi, A. (2018). Evaluating land cover changes in Shahrekord and predicting its future using remote sensing data and CA-Markov model. Spatial Planning, 8(1), 71-87. [In Persian]
13. Knorn, J., Rabe, A., Radeloff, V. C., Kuemmerle, T., Kozak, J., & Hostert, P. (2009). Land cover mapping of large areas using chain classification of neighboring Landsat satellite images. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(5), 957-964. [
DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.010]
14. Liu, T., & Yang, X. (2015). Monitoring land changes in an urban area using satellite imagery, GIS and landscape metrics. Applied Geography, 56, 42-54. [
DOI:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.10.002]
15. Mas, J.-F., Kolb, M., Paegelow, M., Olmedo, M. T. C., & Houet, T. (2014). Inductive pattern-based land use/cover change models: A comparison of four software packages. Environmental Modelling & Software, 51, 94-111. [
DOI:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.09.010]
16. Matsushita, B., Xu, M., & Fukushima, T. (2006). Characterizing the changes in landscape structure in the Lake Kasumigaura Basin, Japan using a high-quality GIS dataset. Landscape and Urban Planning, 78(3), 241-250. [
DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.08.003]
17. Memarian, H., Balasundram, S. K., Talib, J. B., Sung, C. T. B., Sood, A. M., & Abbaspour, K. (2012). Validation of CA-Markov for simulation of land use and cover change in the Langat Basin, Malaysia. Journal of Geographic Information System, 4(6), 542. [
DOI:10.4236/jgis.2012.46059]
18. Meteorological Organization, S. K. (2016). Reports of Nehbandan Meteorological Station from 1988 to 2011. Office of Meteorological Experts and Studies, Birjand County. [In Persian]
19. Mir Alizadehfard, S.R. and S.M. Alibakhshi. 2016. Monitoring and forecasting of land use change by applying Markov chain model and land change modeler (Case study: Dehloran Bartash plains, Ilam). Journal of RS and GIS in Natural Resources, 7(2), 33-45. [In Persian]
20. Nehzak, H. K., Aghaei, M., Mostafazadeh, R., & Rabiei-Dastjerdi, H. (2022). Evaluation of land use change predictions using CA-Markov model and management scenarios. In Computers in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 105-115. [
DOI:10.1016/B978-0-323-89861-4.00017-8]
21. Ruigar, H., Emamgholizadeh, S., Gharechelou, S., & Golian, S. (2024). The Effect of Climate Change and Future Land Use Using the CA-Markov Model on the Streamflow of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province. Journal of Watershed Management Research. 15(2), 89-104. [
DOI:10.61186/jwmr.15.2.89]
22. Roy, K. C., Soren, D. D. L., & Biswas, B. (2024). Land-use/cover change and future prediction by integrating the ML techniques of random forest and CA-Markov chain model of the Ganges alluvial tract of Eastern India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-28. [
DOI:10.1007/s10668-024-05545-x]
23. Sadeghi, V., Ebadi, H., & Ahmadi, F. F. (2013). A new model for automatic normalization of multitemporal satellite images using Artificial Neural Network and mathematical methods. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(9), 6437-6445. [
DOI:10.1016/j.apm.2013.01.006]
24. Sadian, A., & Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H. (2021). Investigation of Land Use Changes in Karkheh Watershed during 1990 and 2020 Using Google Earth Engine Platform and Landsat Satellite Images. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 52(10), 2569-2580.
25. Sedighi, M., & Amini, A. S. (2020). Classification Lake Parishan water basin by random forest classification using Landsat satellite images. Watershed Engineering and Management, 12(3), 621-634.
26. Shirazi, M., Zehtabian, G., & Alavipanah, S. K. (2010). Applicability of IRS Satellite Images for Surveying Water, Soil and Vegetation Cover Condition of Najm Abad Region, Savojbolagh. Journal of Natural Environment, 63(1), 33-51.
27. Smits, P., Dellepiane, S., & Schowengerdt, R. (1999). Quality assessment of image classification algorithms for land-cover mapping: A review and a proposal for a cost-based approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 20(8), 1461-1486. [
DOI:10.1080/014311699212560]
28. Surabuddin Mondal, M., Sharma, N., Kappas, M., & Garg, P. K. (2013). Modeling of spatio-temporal dynamics of land use and land cover in a part of Brahmaputra River basin using Geoinformatic techniques. Geocarto International, 28(7), 632-656. [
DOI:10.1080/10106049.2013.776641]
29. Palmate, S. S., Wagner, P. D., Fohrer, N., & Pandey, A. (2022). Assessment of uncertainties in modelling land use change with an integrated cellular automata-Markov chain model. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 1-19. [
DOI:10.1007/s10666-021-09804-3]
30. Tahir, Z., Haseeb, M., Mahmood, S. A., Batool, S., Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M., Ullah, S., & Tariq, A. (2025). Predicting land use and land cover changes for sustainable land management using CA-Markov modelling and GIS techniques. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 3271. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-87796-w]
31. Tewolde, M. G., & Cabral, P. (2011). Urban sprawl analysis and modeling in Asmara, Eritrea. Remote Sensing, 3(10), 2148-2165. [
DOI:10.3390/rs3102148]
32. Tikuye, B. G., Rusnak, M., Manjunatha, B. R., & Jose, J. (2023). Land use and land cover change detection using the random forest approach: the case of the upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Global Challenges, 7(10), 2300155. [
DOI:10.1002/gch2.202300155]
33. Vafaei, S., Darvishsefat, A., & Pir Bavaghar, M. (2013). Monitoring and predicting land use changes using LCM module (Case study: Marivan region). Iranian Journal of Forest, 5(3), 323-336.
34. Weng, Q. (2002). Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang Delta of China using satellite remote sensing, GIS and stochastic modeling, Journal of Environmental Management 64, 273-284. [
DOI:10.1006/jema.2001.0509]
35. Zhang, Z., Hörmann, G., Huang, J., & Fohrer, N. (2023). A random forest-based CA-Markov model to examine the dynamics of land use/cover change aided with remote sensing and GIS. Remote Sensing, 15(8), 2128. [
DOI:10.3390/rs15082128]
36. Zhou, L., Dang, X., Sun, Q., & Wang, S. (2020). Multi-scenario simulation of urban land change in Shanghai by random forest and CA-Markov model. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102045. [
DOI:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102045]