1- , Yazd University
2- Yazd University
3- Esfahan Regional Water. Esfahan, Iran
4- Soil Conservation and Watershed Research Institute
2- Yazd University
3- Esfahan Regional Water. Esfahan, Iran
4- Soil Conservation and Watershed Research Institute
Abstract: (22 Views)
Extended abstract
Introduction and purpose: Many countries of the world have been exposed to land degradation, which has occurred as a result of soil erosion and water sediments. This has led to the loss of soil productivity, changes in water quality and less capacity to prevent natural disasters such as floods. In addition to direct economic consequences, soil erosion has severe environmental consequences such as nutrient loss, chemical, physical and Soil biology and its fertility reduction, soil compaction and permeability reduction, water quality reduction, wildlife habitats and biodiversity reduction, change in landscape features, desertification, increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global warming. Weather is the effect on climate change and raising the level of riverbeds and reducing their carrying capacity. Among the watershed management measures that are effective in reducing the amount of erosion and runoff, biological, mechanical and bio-mechanical operations including seeding, seedling, seeding, dry china, gabion and piling can be mentioned. It is a natural resource that has been less researched. It is known as a native knowledge in many parts of the country and has been used for a long time as a method arising from experience and native knowledge. But unfortunately, this method is one of the methods and operations in watershed management and natural resources. which, despite its commonness, has been less researched. The effectiveness of this method has been proven more through experience and in the context of local knowledge, and researchers have not paid much attention to it. Paving is one of those watershed operations that control soil erosion and runoff through adjusting the length and intensity of the slope. The purpose of this research is to investigate the hydrological response of rainfall events on the scale of plots of 2 meters by 10 meters in the land with and without fortification under the watersheds of Kol Sheikhi from the headwaters of the Parsian Dam and Tang Bawan from the headwaters of the Zohra River in Mamsani city. In this regard, after field observations, the suitable places for the establishment of nine plots in paved lands and nine plots in unpaved lands were identified in three study sites with different soil texture, and the amount of runoff was measured after the complete completion of each shower. The main part of the research is based on field activities, including the collection of 10 showers during the rainfall, the determination of the volume of runoff in the three study areas, including 18 plots during the years 2020 to 2021.
Materials and methods:
after studying and checking the geological maps, soil science, vegetation, slope of the studied areas and field surveys and taking into account the history of platform construction, the suitable area for the experimental plan was determined and Then the number of 18 plots or plots in three regions and three sub-watersheds (neither plots in the land with platforms nor plots in the lands without platforms) with dimensions of 10 meters in length and two meters in width with the exact coordinates of the construction and the volume of total runoff after each rainfall event. It was measured. In order to measure the runoff, graduated containers were used. Runoff was measured for 10 natural storm events from January 26, 2018 to May 11, 2019 (10 storms). Finally, to perform statistical analysis, after preparing the data bank in Excel 2016, various descriptive statistics of runoff in SPSS 21 software was calculated.
Findings:The results of observations in the first, second and third sites showed a decrease in runoff volume in paved areas compared to unpaved areas by 8.88, 3.28 and 15.6, respectively. Also, the t-test showed a significant difference (p≥0.01) in the volume of produced runoff between the averages in paved and non-paved lands in the study sites. In the maximum rainfall of 118 mm, the minimum production runoff in the second, first and third sites, respectively, with the runoff volume of 6.5, 2.67, and 0.52, has the best efficiency in controlling erosion and sedimentation with the formations of "Pabdeh-Gorpi" and Aghajari. which in terms of sensitivity is in the critical formations in the basin in terms of erosion and sedimentation.
Conclusion: Conclusion: Platforms are one of the most obvious fingerprints of humanity in terrestrial ecosystems, which aim to create new surfaces for cultivation in sloping areas, reduce runoff and soil erosion, harvest and store rainwater, accumulate biomass by increasing crop production, and rebuilding ecosystems themselves. is done A fundamental change in land morphology leads to changes in water infiltration and runoff production processes and ultimately affects the entire water cycle from the single platform to the slope, catchment area, and landscape scale. The scientific community has been investigating the ecological effects of platform and hydrological and hydrogeological processes in terraced landscapes for several decades. Considering the research gap in investigating the effects of these erosion and runoff control operations in the country in general and in the target area in particular, the present study investigates the variability of hydrological components such as runoff and soil loss in paved and non-paved vineyards and pomegranates under torrential conditions. Naturally, it was paid. Based on the results, it is appropriate to implement measures in the runoff management programs to increase moisture and maintain the soil, which will increase the production and net income of the users, with the participation of the people in the form of subsidy plans, encouraging the users with Providing free banking facilities, the implementation of this operation should be institutionalized as a culture. Paving as a low-cost method can improve formations sensitive to runoff, erosion and sedimentation.
Introduction and purpose: Many countries of the world have been exposed to land degradation, which has occurred as a result of soil erosion and water sediments. This has led to the loss of soil productivity, changes in water quality and less capacity to prevent natural disasters such as floods. In addition to direct economic consequences, soil erosion has severe environmental consequences such as nutrient loss, chemical, physical and Soil biology and its fertility reduction, soil compaction and permeability reduction, water quality reduction, wildlife habitats and biodiversity reduction, change in landscape features, desertification, increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global warming. Weather is the effect on climate change and raising the level of riverbeds and reducing their carrying capacity. Among the watershed management measures that are effective in reducing the amount of erosion and runoff, biological, mechanical and bio-mechanical operations including seeding, seedling, seeding, dry china, gabion and piling can be mentioned. It is a natural resource that has been less researched. It is known as a native knowledge in many parts of the country and has been used for a long time as a method arising from experience and native knowledge. But unfortunately, this method is one of the methods and operations in watershed management and natural resources. which, despite its commonness, has been less researched. The effectiveness of this method has been proven more through experience and in the context of local knowledge, and researchers have not paid much attention to it. Paving is one of those watershed operations that control soil erosion and runoff through adjusting the length and intensity of the slope. The purpose of this research is to investigate the hydrological response of rainfall events on the scale of plots of 2 meters by 10 meters in the land with and without fortification under the watersheds of Kol Sheikhi from the headwaters of the Parsian Dam and Tang Bawan from the headwaters of the Zohra River in Mamsani city. In this regard, after field observations, the suitable places for the establishment of nine plots in paved lands and nine plots in unpaved lands were identified in three study sites with different soil texture, and the amount of runoff was measured after the complete completion of each shower. The main part of the research is based on field activities, including the collection of 10 showers during the rainfall, the determination of the volume of runoff in the three study areas, including 18 plots during the years 2020 to 2021.
Materials and methods:
after studying and checking the geological maps, soil science, vegetation, slope of the studied areas and field surveys and taking into account the history of platform construction, the suitable area for the experimental plan was determined and Then the number of 18 plots or plots in three regions and three sub-watersheds (neither plots in the land with platforms nor plots in the lands without platforms) with dimensions of 10 meters in length and two meters in width with the exact coordinates of the construction and the volume of total runoff after each rainfall event. It was measured. In order to measure the runoff, graduated containers were used. Runoff was measured for 10 natural storm events from January 26, 2018 to May 11, 2019 (10 storms). Finally, to perform statistical analysis, after preparing the data bank in Excel 2016, various descriptive statistics of runoff in SPSS 21 software was calculated.
Findings:The results of observations in the first, second and third sites showed a decrease in runoff volume in paved areas compared to unpaved areas by 8.88, 3.28 and 15.6, respectively. Also, the t-test showed a significant difference (p≥0.01) in the volume of produced runoff between the averages in paved and non-paved lands in the study sites. In the maximum rainfall of 118 mm, the minimum production runoff in the second, first and third sites, respectively, with the runoff volume of 6.5, 2.67, and 0.52, has the best efficiency in controlling erosion and sedimentation with the formations of "Pabdeh-Gorpi" and Aghajari. which in terms of sensitivity is in the critical formations in the basin in terms of erosion and sedimentation.
Conclusion: Conclusion: Platforms are one of the most obvious fingerprints of humanity in terrestrial ecosystems, which aim to create new surfaces for cultivation in sloping areas, reduce runoff and soil erosion, harvest and store rainwater, accumulate biomass by increasing crop production, and rebuilding ecosystems themselves. is done A fundamental change in land morphology leads to changes in water infiltration and runoff production processes and ultimately affects the entire water cycle from the single platform to the slope, catchment area, and landscape scale. The scientific community has been investigating the ecological effects of platform and hydrological and hydrogeological processes in terraced landscapes for several decades. Considering the research gap in investigating the effects of these erosion and runoff control operations in the country in general and in the target area in particular, the present study investigates the variability of hydrological components such as runoff and soil loss in paved and non-paved vineyards and pomegranates under torrential conditions. Naturally, it was paid. Based on the results, it is appropriate to implement measures in the runoff management programs to increase moisture and maintain the soil, which will increase the production and net income of the users, with the participation of the people in the form of subsidy plans, encouraging the users with Providing free banking facilities, the implementation of this operation should be institutionalized as a culture. Paving as a low-cost method can improve formations sensitive to runoff, erosion and sedimentation.
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